'm = am --> I'm

's = is / has --> he's, she's, it's

're = are --> you're, we're, they're

've = have --> I've, you've, we've, they've

'll = will / shall --> I'll, he'll, she'll, it'll, you'll, we'll, they'll

'd = would/ had --> I'd, he'd, she'd, you'd, we'd, they'd

- He's ill. (= He is ill.)

- He's gone away. (= He has gone away.)

'd can be would or had:

- I'd see a doctor if I were you. (= I would see)

- I'd never seen her before. (= I had never seen)

isn't (= is not) haven't (= have not) wouldn't (= would not)

aren't (= are not) hasn't (= has not) shouldn't (= should not)

wasn't (= was not) hadn't (= had not) mightn't (= might not)

weren't (= were not) can't (= cannot) mustn't (= must not)

don't (= do not) couldn't (= could not) needn't (= need not)

doesn't (= does not) won't (= will not) daren't (=dare not)

didn't (= did not) shan't (= shall not)

Запомните, что вы можете сказать:

he isn't / she isn't / it isn't или he's not / she's not / it's not

you aren't / we aren't / they aren't или you're not/we're not/they're not